without without the gates 在門(mén)外。 things without us 外界事物。 without the pale of 在…的范圍外。 without regard for 不顧。 without taking leave 假也不請(qǐng)(就…)。 without saying a word 不說(shuō)一句話(huà)就。 all without exception 沒(méi)有例外地都。 without day 沒(méi)有日期,無(wú)限期。 without end 無(wú)限地,永遠(yuǎn)地;無(wú)止境地。 without reserve 不客氣地。 It goes without saying that .... …那是不用說(shuō)的[當(dāng)然的]。 adv. 1.在外部;在戶(hù)外;在屋外,在外面。 2.外面的,外表是。 3.在沒(méi)有(某種不言而喻的東西)的情況下。 stand without 站在屋外。 listen to the wind without 傾聽(tīng)?wèi)敉怙L(fēng)聲。 The apple is red without and white within. 蘋(píng)果皮紅肉白。 Never mind, I can manage without. 沒(méi)關(guān)系我沒(méi)有(那東西)也能湊合。 n. 外部,外面。 as seen from without 從外面來(lái)看。 〔古、卑〕除非,如果不。 He never goes out without he loses his umbrella. 他出門(mén)沒(méi)有一次不丟傘的。
Simple sampling without replacement 簡(jiǎn)單不重復(fù)抽樣
First , this paper gives an introduction of some methods of unequal probability sampling , their estimators and variance estimators , including sampling with pps with replacement , methods of sampling without replacement suggested by brewer , durbin , sampford , des raj , murthy , rao - hartley - cochran . then , at the basis of rao and bayless ' s study , we consider that population can be splited two random subpopulations , which are respectively drawn from different infinite super - populations , and compare the stabilities of estimators of the methods that given above . we find that the minor difference between two super - populations has great effect on the efficiency of the estimators for the population with moderately large coefficient of variation ( c . v . ) 本文首先從理論上介紹了若干種不等概率抽樣方法,它們的估計(jì)量、估計(jì)量的方差及其估計(jì),其中包括有放回ppz及pps抽樣,不放回不等概率抽樣中的brewer 、 durbin 、 sampford 、 desraj , murthy 、 rao - hartley - cochran等人的方法;其次,在rao和bayless兩人就樣本單元數(shù)n = 2的情形對(duì)上述抽樣方法進(jìn)行比較的基礎(chǔ)上,將總體隨機(jī)地分成兩個(gè)子總體,視每個(gè)子總體取自不同的線(xiàn)性超總體,在文中,我們利用計(jì)算機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)隨機(jī)分組,并通過(guò)畫(huà)圖比較各方法估計(jì)量的穩(wěn)定性,結(jié)果表明,對(duì)變異系數(shù)c . v . ( x )較大的總體而言,兩個(gè)超總體之間的微小差異將對(duì)估計(jì)量的穩(wěn)定性產(chǎn)生很大的影響,從而說(shuō)明rao和bayless的比較結(jié)果還不夠完善。